There's this one moment — just a passing mention — that encapsulates the entire theme of the novel, and I don't think most readers will even notice it.
Cui Suniang notices the edges of Cheng Zi'an's book curling and chides him: "Many poor students rely on copying texts to study. Copying itself is difficult—the brush and ink must be of good quality, and the paper cannot be too poor either, or else after a few flips, the characters will smudge and the paper will tear."
Just one sentence. But it opens up this entire world of inequality that the novel is clearly about.
The Spring and Autumn Annals alone has over thirty volumes. Each volume costs more than two taels of silver. Annotated versions are "outrageously expensive." For poor students, the biggest expense isn't tuition — the Fuxue provides ink, brushes, paper, and inkstones — it's BOOKS. Education itself is free, but the tools to access it are not.
And then there's Fang Yin, who apparently can't even afford books, and Xin Jinian whose book box is woven with auspicious vine patterns and gleams with polish. Same school. Different worlds.
The festival gifts become a symbol too — the Xin family sends their steward Xin Da with what is presumably a massive bundle ("Unless his bundle contained gold ingots"), while poor students give "a piece of meat, a basket of eggs" but "the gift could not be omitted." Even the smallest contribution is expected. The system demands participation from everyone, regardless of means.
What is the novel really saying about education? That it's supposed to be a great equalizer — "poor scholars seeking to rise above their station" — but the reality is that the playing field was never level to begin with. Fang Yin can excel despite everything, but Cheng Zhen warns that success in the exams is only the beginning. The real dangers come later, in officialdom, where "those without background or wealth can be swept away in an instant."
The books, the gifts, the exams — they're all symbols of a system that claims meritocracy but operates on class.